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Rocks with banded iron formations and biosignatures - 1,900 million years old, Michigan, US (top left), 2,700 million years old, Ontario, Canada (bottom left) and 2,500 million years old, Karijini National Park, Western Australia (right).

Tracking records of the oldest life forms on Earth

Deep below the Earth in the Tonga-Fiji region of the South Pacific, one enormous earthquake triggered another.

Massive earthquakes provide new insight into deep Earth

Graphite & Hexagonal Diamond

Cool Earth theory sheds more light on diamonds

Cross-sections of Earth’s mantle down to 1,400 km depth showing changes in its flow as ancient ocean beds fall into Earth’s deep interior.

Earth’s deep mantle flows dynamically

Earth's mantle (dark red) lies below the crust (brown layer near the surface) and above the outer core (bright red).

The solid Earth breathes

From the field on Svalbard, showing an ancient channel extending into the Barents Sea.

The largest delta plain in Earth’s history

Over the last 540 million years, as the Earth's tectonic plates have shifted, MIT researchers have found that periods of major tectonic activity (orange lines) in the tropics (green belt) were likely triggers for ice ages during those same periods.

Tectonics in the tropics trigger Earth’s ice ages

Earth's layers

Scientists go to extremes to reveal make-up of Earth’s core

Researchers conducting fieldwork in Namibia as part of a previous study.

Ancient records prompt rethink of animal evolution timeline

Mt. McRae Shale

Ancient rocks provide clues to Earth’s early history

Taking a soil core from underwater soil is a bit trickier than soil that's on the surface. Scientists have to utilize boats and plunge the sampling equipment through water and down into the soil.

Getting to the core of underwater soil

Earth may be 140 years away from reaching carbon levels not...

Graphic showing the Transition Zone inside the Earth Princeton seismologist Jessica Irving worked with then-graduate student Wenbo Wu and another collaborator to determine the roughness at the top and bottom of the transition zone, a layer within the mantle, using scattered earthquake waves. They found that the top of the transition zone, a layer located 410 kilometers down, is mostly smooth, but the base of the transition zone, 660 km down, in some places is much rougher than the global surface average. “In other words, stronger topography than the Rocky Mountains or the Appalachians is present at the 660-km boundary,” said Wu. NOTE: This graphic is not to scale. Credit: Kyle McKernan, Office of Communications

Massive Bolivian earthquake reveals mountains 660 kilometers below our feet

Bubbles of liquid carbon dioxide float out of the seafloor at a vent on Northwest Eifuku volcano off the coast of Japan.

How undersea gases once helped superheat our planet

pillow basalts from undersea volcanic eruptions,

Researchers help define Southern Ocean’s geological features

This is a view of Coalcliff in New South Wales, Australia, where researchers discovered evidence that Earth's largest extinction may have extinguished plant life nearly 400,000 years before marine animal species disappeared. Credit: Christopher Fielding

Earth’s largest extinction event likely took plants first

Image depicts the change in impact rate modeled in this paper. Some of the craters used in the study on both the moon and Earth are highlighted in the background. Credit: Data from NASA GSFC / LRO / Arizona State University; Artwork by Rebecca Ghent

Scientists find increase in asteroid impacts on ancient Earth by studying...

Rare-earth elements discovered in Georgia kaolin mines, study finds

Yellowstone National Park

Surviving one of Earth’s most extreme environments

Yellowstone National Park

A microbe’s membrane helps it survive extreme environments

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