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A view from the summit of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai in 2017 (CC BY-SA 4.0 Damien Grouille/Wikimedia Commons)

Looking back at the Tonga eruption

Lava fountains at Kilauea in Hawaii created a spatter cone, which was estimated to be 180 feet tall in this June 2018 photo. Credit: U.S. Geological Survey

Hawai’i earthquake swarm caused by magma moving through ‘sills’

Mauna Loa. Photo credit: Lis Gallant

Mauna Loa eruption: Predicting lava flow

Thanks to its geothermally active location, the town of Kusatsu, Gunma Prefecture (in the background of this image), is one of Japan’s most popular onsen (hot springs) destinations. The acidic and vibrant turquoise Yugama crater lake, however, is definitely not suitable for swimming. Credit: Tomoya Obase

Monitoring ‘frothy’ magma gases could help evade disaster

The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption as seen by Japan's Himawari-8 satellite on 15 January 2022. Top image: Eruption at 4:20 UTC (about 15 minutes into the eruption); Middle image: Eruption at 4:50 UTC (45 minutes into the eruption); Bottom image: Eruption at 5:40 UTC (1 hour 35 minutes into the eruption). Image credit: Simon Proud / STFC RAL Space / NCEO / JMA.

Tonga volcano had highest plume ever recorded

Mount Edgecumbe rises in the foreground with Crater Ridge behind and to the north on May 19, 2022. Photo by Max Kaufman/Alaska Volcano Observatory

Research reveals magma activity beneath Mount Edgecumbe

GOES-West satellite image of Tonga volcanic eruption, 2022. Credit: NASA Worldview, NOAA / NESDIS / STAR

Elusive atmospheric wave detected during 2022 Tonga volcanic eruption

The eruption created an initial wave 90 metres high – almost the height of the Statue of Liberty

Wave created by Tonga volcano eruption reached 90 meters — nine...

Molten lava from a Hawaiian volcano. Image: Willyam/Adobe

Volcanic super eruptions are millions of years in the making —...

he Fagradalsfjall eruption site viewed from above. The photo shows lava emanating from multiple vents. Tourists for scale. Photograph: Alina V. Shevchenko and Edgar U. Zorn, GFZ Germany

Iceland volcano eruption opens a rare window into the Earth beneath...

Fig. 1: The giant ash cloud that erupted from Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai, taken by the Himawari-8 satellite Credit: EyePress News/Shutterstock

Shockwave caused by Tonga underwater eruption may help scientists predict future...

Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone’s history of hydrothermal explosions over the past 14,000 years

volcanoes

Arc volcanoes are wetter than previously thought, with scientific and economic...

One of the strombolian explosions that have occurred at Stromboli about every 10 minutes for at least 2000 years. © UNIGE, Luca Caricchi

Volcanoes at fault if the Earth slips

Seismogram

A swarm of 85,000 earthquakes at the Antarctic Orca submarine volcano

One of the strombolian explosions that have occurred at Stromboli about every 10 minutes for at least 2000 years. © UNIGE, Luca Caricchi

The oxidation of volcanoes—a magma opus

The unstable southern flank of the Merapi volcano during a partial collapse in 2019. Photograph: GFZ Potsdam

Hidden weaknesses within volcanoes may cause volcano collapse

Nearly 10 yrs of drone surveys at Merapi volcano highlights the importance of hydrothermal weakening and structures hidden beneath younger lavas. A fracture system that formed in 2012 was subsequently buried under new lava in 2018. Only a year later, the new lava dome that formed in 2018 showed signs of instability and collapse along the previously buried fracture system, implying that hidden weaknesses may be a key factor in controlling hazardous volcano collapse. Credit: Darmawan et al., (2022)

Hidden weaknesses within volcanoes may cause their collapse

The astonishing force of the Tonga volcanic eruption in January 2022 shocked the world, but the fact that this underwater volcano actually erupted came as less of a surprise to geoscientists using satellite data to study changes in the temperature deep below Earth’s surface. As part of the effort to understand the complexities of Earth’s interior, scientists working within ESA’s Science for Society 3D Earth project, have developed a state-of-the art model of the lithosphere, which is a term to describe Earth’s brittle crust and the top part of the upper mantle, and the sub-lithospheric upper mantle down to 400 km depth. The model combines different satellite data, such as gravity data from ESA’s GOCE mission, with in-situ observations, primarily seismic tomography. The model that show differences in temperature, or thermal structures, indicated that the Tonga volcano was due to erupt at some point. Credit: ESA/Planetary Visions

Deep down temperature shifts give rise to eruptions

The pink pumice, and its thermal history, provides an insight into underwater eruptions.

Pink pumice key to revealing explosive power of underwater volcanic eruptions

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