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The astonishing force of the Tonga volcanic eruption in January 2022 shocked the world, but the fact that this underwater volcano actually erupted came as less of a surprise to geoscientists using satellite data to study changes in the temperature deep below Earth’s surface. As part of the effort to understand the complexities of Earth’s interior, scientists working within ESA’s Science for Society 3D Earth project, have developed a state-of-the art model of the lithosphere, which is a term to describe Earth’s brittle crust and the top part of the upper mantle, and the sub-lithospheric upper mantle down to 400 km depth. The model combines different satellite data, such as gravity data from ESA’s GOCE mission, with in-situ observations, primarily seismic tomography. The model that show differences in temperature, or thermal structures, indicated that the Tonga volcano was due to erupt at some point. Credit: ESA/Planetary Visions

Deep down temperature shifts give rise to eruptions

The pink pumice, and its thermal history, provides an insight into underwater eruptions.

Pink pumice key to revealing explosive power of underwater volcanic eruptions

Taken by the Himawari 8 satellite, this red-filter visible image of a volcanic eruption in Tonga was taken on 15 January 2022 at 04:50 (UTC) 5:50 PM (Tonga Local Time). This volcanic eruption produced a 3.9 foot (1.2 meter) tsunami which struck Nukuʻalofa, the capital of Tonga. The volcano also triggered tsunamis across the Pacific Ocean affecting countries and territories like Fiji, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna, Vanuatu, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Russia, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Chile and Ecuador, and explosions and the shockwave from the eruption could be heard as far as Alaska and Canada. Also visible in this image is the remnants of Tropical Cyclone Cody to the southwest. Credit: Japan Meteorological Agency/NASA SPoRT. CC BY 4.0

Tonga eruption is one for the record books

Map showing the Great Basin drainage basin as defined hydrologically. (Image credit: Kmusser/Wikimedia Commons)

Sierra Nevada range should celebrate two birthdays

Copper-rich minerals indicating widespread volcanic activity at the end-Permian mass extinction in different regions in southern China (A: Taoshujing locality; B: Lubei locality; C: Guanbachong; D: Taoshujing locality; E: Longmendong locality). The minerals are all copper sulfides, mostly Malachite--the minerals' green patches. Photo credit: H. Zhang, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology.

‘Volcanic winter’ likely contributed to ecological catastrophe 250 million years ago

A view of the crater of Dotsero volcano, a monogenetic volcano that erupted in Colorado about 4,000 years ago. Credit: Greg Valentine

Let’s talk about the 1,800-plus ‘young’ volcanoes in the US Southwest

During the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991, large quantities of ash particles were ejected into the stratosphere. The eruption’s impact on the climate lasted for years. (Bild: Dave Harlow, USGS)

How to better identify dangerous volcanoes

Molten lava from a Hawaiian volcano. Image: Willyam/Adobe

What lies beneath: Volcanic secrets revealed

The rim of Cone D—inside the Okmok Volcano caldera—with the blue lake in the background. Credit: Nick Frearson

A journey into an Alaskan volcano

Volcanic eruption

Volcanic eruptions may have spurred first ‘whiffs’ of oxygen in Earth’s...

Core samples for Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a. Credit: Elisabetta Erba.

Volcanism drove rapid ocean deoxygenation during the time of the dinosaurs

Continental volcanic arcs such as this one in Kamchatka, Russia, are rapidly weathered, driving CO2 removal from the atmosphere over geological time. Credit: Tom Gernon, University of Southampton

Volcanoes acted as a safety valve for Earth’s long-term climate

A wide-angle aerial view looks southeast over Kīlauea’s summit caldera on July 22, 2021. Large cliffs formed during the 2018 collapses are visible on the left side of the photo. A recently active lava lake is visible in the lower right. (Image credit: M. Patrick, USGS)

Giant friction experiment at Kilauea volcano

The cliffs of the volcanic island of Santorini showing the layers of deposits from past volcanic eruptions. Credit: co-author Dr. Ralf Gertisser (Keele University).

Sea levels influence eruptions on volcanic island

A view of Kīlauea’s summit lava lake. The lava lake is contained within a crater, which is set within the larger Halema‘uma‘u Crater. New research aims to understand the activity that led to the eruption in 2018 in Kīlauea’s lower East Rift Zone. Credit: USGS

Volcanic tremor and deformation at Kīlauea

Nierra Negra Volcano on the Galapagos Islands

New model for shield volcano eruption

A "Plume" in the Earth's mantle, i.e. a surge of hot material, caused the Indian Plate to spin off. (Graphic: Alisha Steinberger)

Supervolcano fed from Earth’s mantle caused crustal plates to rotate

One of the strombolian explosions that have occurred at Stromboli about every 10 minutes for at least 2000 years. © UNIGE, Luca Caricchi

Analysing volcanoes to predict their awakening

Agung, a volcano in Bali, had an explosive eruption in 2018. Credit: O.L. Andersen

New knowledge of Earth’s mantle helps to explain Indonesia’s explosive volcanoes

West Mato Volcano erupting in 2009, courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Energy unleashed by submarine volcanoes could power a continent

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